I'm hopeful that I have a solution - at least this worked for me. I hope it does so for you.
Same issue - printed from my MBA through the wireless net to a WinXP PC. Brother 1240 Laser is the printer. No issues until Mavericks then all the same behavior. I just was able to get it to work by installing the printer using the "Advanced" tab in the "add printer" box. I installed it as an LPD/LPR host or printer. The URL was lpd://10.0.0.33/nameofprinter (what ever yours is called on the host). I got the URL from the PC - Control Panel -->Network-->LA Connection (PC is hard-wired to router). Click on the LAN connection and you'll get the status window - the IP address is on the "Support" tab.
I changed the name to the name of the printer and the location I left blank. I used the CUPS+Gutenprint v5.2.9 driver. Printed a test page and began screaming as it printed perfectly.
YMMV but good luck. Only other thing I did today was to update iTunes on PC with the thought that if Bonjour was causing the problem best to have it up to date. Don't think that was a factor but you never know.