I have been posting about the same issue here - https://discussions.apple.com/thread/5506163?start=0&tstart=0
I went to the apple store jsut last week. They ran diagnostics on my MBP. No issues in the general test. Then they ran a test that took about 15 minutes that focused on my GPU, as that is the most likely faulty component considering the shadow rendering issue. My computer passed that with flying colors as well.
Apple genius said that they could keep it for a 24 hour more intesive diagnostic test, but his suggestion was to take it home and erase/reinstall mavericks and see if that fixed the issue. I did that. Cleared whole system. Left all data and settings on my backup drive.
After a fresh install it happened again within 6 hours. Boo.
I hope for a software update that addresses this. I fear that it is an issue with the GPU in our MBP's. There are other threads that suggest that might be the case and our GPU's have trouble handling the more intensive graphics in Mavericks. Come on Apple. Please step up and address this as a known issue.
