In years past I did software development for networked computer systems and have been suspecting from the beginning that the root cause was something similar to what you described.
How did you go about submitting an official bug?
The Apple engineer's response inappropriately cast blame on Toyota and dodged ownership and accountabilty on the part of Apple. After all it worked fine in OS 7. Toyota didn't change anything - Apple did.
Systems with two or more computers talking to each other (in this case the car's bluetooth system and the iPhone) are especially vulnerable to this kind of bug. Small errors in timing or the communication protocol between systems can cause a complete malfunction. But that's not the consumer's problem.
Fixing this kind of problem frequently involves painstaking analysis and testing and possibly tweeking parameters that affect timing until a working solution is obtained.
There is no guarantee that Apple's fix in the 8.2 will work. Unless they have a test bed that accurately reflects how them iPhone interacts with the Toyota Prius (incuding the timing of wait states and message passing) they're just throwing a solution over the wall and hope it works.