Over a month ago now I also had this problem, and soon after observing this thread decided to simply create a new user and migrate everything from old user. It took a LOT of time. But that was time well-spent. I have had no issue since. None. And have posted to that effect.
I've seen tons of people posting since then, and some who have continued dealing with this issue for weeks or months, 99% of whom have not seen resolution, wondering when Apple will roll out a fix. Those who did see resolution sometimes discovered later they didn't really fix it as well as thought, or their fix worked for them but no one else or only a few. Meanwhile an OS update has come and gone and still no fix from Apple. No one seems to have found a silver bullet in the guts of the OS to fix this either.
Many responded to my earlier posts with the sentiment that my solution is way too much of a time suck. And it was. But... I'm not dealing with the issue anymore. It's now an almost forgotten distant memory.
Yes migrating stinks. And for a few weeks afterward I was still occasionally discovering another preference I needed to re-establish. But the fix was immediate, permanent, and 100%. And many iCloud-based things like Keychain carried over, no migration necessary. This seems to be the only solution that reliably, permanently solves the problem.
So, as I unfollow this thread, I advocate one last time for the one 100% effective and most straightforward solution. Yes, it's a time-suck, but it works, and you're DONE. 1) Create a new user, and 2) migrate all user-specific data from old user to new. The new user will not have this logout issue. Then, it's just cleanup: deleting the old user and reestablishing your preferences.
Just buckle down and do it friends! Then you can move on with your lives, as I have with mine. 🙂
Good luck everyone!
PS: If you migrate using the shared folder, see my previous posts on a) doing new user as an admin, and b) not copying top level folders in the old user's home folder (ex: the Documents folder) to the shared folder, but rather their contents. If you migrate via Time Machine backup there are google-able instructions for that out there...