Need my old apple ID back.. however I don’t have the device that it was hooked up to.

So I used to live with my dad but we got in a lot of fights so he kicked me out in November. Consequently, I had to get a new phone, and tried to sign into my apple account that I had used on the phone that was set up through my dads plan (which had $40 in iTunes money on it) using the correct username and password but it wouldn’t let me because I couldn’t get the code from the device that my account was originally hooked up to. Am I completely screwed here?? There’s no way I can get that phone back so I can type in the code I need to reactivate my old account. I don’t know what to do.