Thanks to everyone who took the time to investigate this issue today. It's clear that many of you are far more knowledgable in this subject area than Me, so I'm glad I posted. As I finally mad it home from work, I'm able to confirm the following:
1. HEIC taken captured on iPhoneX and synced via iCloud - No Arifacts
2. Edit photo using iPhoto on iMac- artifacts appear (propagate across all devices)
3. Revert to Original/Reset Adjustments- Artifacts disappear
4. Edit photo on iPhoneX - Artifacts appear on iMac Photos view (I'm not seeing them on iPhone)
So- any editted HEIC photo edited seems exhibit artifacts on iMac... I have 25,000 photos managed via iCloud/Photos, and have never seen this before. Based on timing, it seems to coincide with Mojave for me... I've also running iOS 12.1 Public Beta on my phone, although that seems less likely to be related as I ran 12.0 Beta for several months without issues.