It's so hard for Apple to fix this bug because, frankly, not as many people are having this issue as it seems. Just because the people in this post are experiencing it doesn't mean that everyone is. If everyone were experiencing it, it would actually be a whole lot easier to fix, because the problem could be easily reproduced and isolated. For example, I have been using the same Exchange account on my iPhone that everyone else in my office has and I have never, not once, experienced the issues described in this post. And I started running the iOS 13 beta back in July! Yet, there's quite clearly a legitimate issue here because there are enough people in my immediate vicinity that have experienced and demonstrated the issue to me. So, there's obviously some undiscovered variable that that affects their devices but not mine.
In the end, however, you have to put yourself in the shoes of an Apple Engineer: it's hard to fix something that's hard to reproduce. Perhaps you'd like to sacrifice your iPhone and personal data to allow an engineer to study this issue? Exactly. Not many people are willing offer up their devices and account access as a specimen for study. So, they have to try and reproduce this issue from scratch. It is frustrating for sure, particularly because the Mail app worked just fine in iOS 12. I expect that the Engineers are systematically combing through changes between iOS 12 and iOS 13's Mail app, targeting possible flaws, and crossing their fingers after each subsequent update.
The best we can do is just cross our fingers as well, or, better yet, continue to offer constructive troubleshooting tips that you've tried, such as resetting network settings for a temporary fix. You can also submit feedback at www.apple.com/feedback. (Yes, people do actually read every single message sent there. I had a friend who did that very job for a short time a few years ago.)