1) The heat you get is “normal”. My guess is that if someone complained to customer relations and customer relations escalated it to engineering, engineering would say it was within spec. The MacBook Air’s Y-Series processors are the modern equivalent of the Intel Atom processors formerly seen on the Netbooks of old; they are not particularly powerful and should only be used for the simplest computing use cases. Apple’s fan would be adequate if it were connected via a heat pipe to the CPU’s heat sink. My guess is that they assumed it would be fine. As for the 2020 two-port 13” Pro, the cooling situation is similar to how it has always been on that machine and similar to its 2019 predecessor (which used the exact same processor options, RAM, and storage). It gets warmer than desired, but it’s no change from 2019 and Apple would probably deem its behavior to be within spec. They did give the 2020 Four-Port 13” an extra fan over its 2019 predecessor, but it’s still not prioritizing a cooler running system over a quiet one in the way that the 16” MacBook Pro does.
2) For the MacBook Air, I’m inclined to say yes. Was helping someone out in another thread who was having issues with the stock Chess app and her 2020 MacBook Air. I know that app is CPU intensive, but a single running instance of it shouldn’t be THAT taxing to any modern Mac. The 2018-2020 dual-core Airs are underpowered, and all 2020 Airs are not cooled enough for a typical load.
3) For the MacBook Pros, yes; Apple is designing their machines to be too thin to have the fans run quietly while still keeping the computers cool (this is better on the 16” MacBook Pro and the less better but still markedly improved on the Four-Port 2020 13” MacBook Pro). For the MacBook Airs, the problem is BOTH that the laptop’s design (both from thinness and provided CPU cooling standpoints) is insufficient for the processor AND that the CPU is pretty weak. Again, the 2018-2020 MacBook Air’s CPUs are effectively the modern day successor to the Intel Atom processors that once powered Netbooks.
4) In theory, yes, Apple Silicon SoCs can CURRENTLY run a processor that beats out the performance of every MacBook Air (and 13” MacBook Pro) that ever has existed. They have such an SoC in the current iPad Pro models. So, yeah, a MacBook Air with the current cooling amenities and chassis could absolutely run faster and cooler and not have the issues we’re seeing with Intel’s 10th Gen Y-series CPUs.