"Sharing" and "syncing" are two different things. Syncing generally occurs automatically (and in my experience is highly reliable) when you are signed into the same iCloud account on all devices and have settings one your Mac and other devices configured to use iCloud Drive. Then it "just works."
You could try going to iCloud.com and seeing if your document in Numbers for iCloud there has all your data (from your description, though, probably it is gone. If you can't find it in File > Revert on your Mac then it is time to start up Time Machine (or whatever backup system you are using) and recover from there.
If you are not using a backup system, then now is the time to start!
SG