That sounds incredibly frustrating. Based on my experience (detailed in another post in this thread), the solution probably has to involve the carrier (in my case Xfinity Mobile, which uses the Verizon network). My guess is that something about the new OS required carrier intervention to stop the new call-dropping issue — at least on my (and obviously some others’) SE 2020. I assumed that the many things I had tried previously, such as network resets, hadn’t actually been necessary, but I suppose some of those things could have been a prerequisite to allowing the carrier intervention to work.
I think the fact that you’re having the same problem with a new phone cements the notion that the carrier probably has to be involved in the fix, even if it’s Apple that created the issue.
I don’t know if this is related in any way, but ever since I got my first iPhone, a 6S, in 2018, voicemail audio alerts have almost all been delayed, by an average of 5 to 6 hours. No change on that count when I switched to the SE 2020 in December 2020. But as soon as I updated from iOS 15.x to 16, that 5-year problem instantly resolved, with vm alerts coming immediately. But then I noticed the calls dropping (almost 100% of them, with only a few very brief ones completing).
EDIT after seeing some other new replies: If the call-drop problem consistently goes away with speaker, then the source of your problem is probably different than mine was. For me speaker seemed to help some initially, but that didn’t last. BTW, once when I was having dropped calls, it turns out the problem was with the proximity sensor failing to realize I was on a call. Result was my face was touching the End Call button. IIRC a little cleaning solved it. But that wouldn’t be a problem with a brand new phone unless it was defective.