tl;dr: My iCloud data storage was full. Deleted a 60GB iPad backup and some other things. Boom, Messages was normal again. I am a digital packrat and have "save all messages" turned on.
Long version:
I suffered from the above problem. Another iCloud family member had a similar issue likewise after 17.5.1 upgrade. Symptom: sporadic crashing of Messages app on invocation. My experience worsened over time, to the point that it wouldn't even open. Green SMS messages wouldn't get served in a timely manner or occasionally ever, to my other Apple devices.
So I called/texted (on another device) Apple Support. They all were nice and did a hardware diagnostic, etc. etc. eventually recommending to do Restore using a computer (Mac or Windows). In anticipation of doing that, I took a backup of the iPhone and noticed that iCloud was at the 2TB limit. I deleted said file above (and yesterday to try and take an on-Mac local iPhone backup I had flushed almost 200GB from the Mac, which is iCloud synced). Well with that last 60GB iPad backup deletion (which the confirmation flow suggests to be a permanent delete; I suspect the Mac files may hang around for some time for recovery) BOOM, Messages was working like a charm again. The grey storm clouds parted, beams of radiant sunlight shown upon the land, angels were singing on high, and I was again able to share my pearls of wisdom, sharp analytic wit, eye-rolling dad jokes, and marginally sufferable selfies to my friends and family. Said friends and family if they stumble across this discussion may be instead trying to fill up their iCloud account to pause their suffering. Either way you're welcome. YMMV.