UPDATE: I restarted my iPhone several times, and then the option/tick box appeared (and pre-ticked). I don't know how or why it should be that way, but it was. I thought, "Great! Let's see if that works for my MacBookPro!" But before restarting I looked at the FaceTime preferences again and found that it, too, had changed/updated. Bottom line: I am making calls from my Mac with no trouble now.
I'll leave it to the experts around here to say what was going on (and no, I wasn't hallucinating or just terminally clueless -It really did happen this way), but for all of you still having the trouble of the option simply not being there, try restarting your computer/device several times and see if it updates to where it's supposed to be.
In fact, with all of our technical prowess we often forget just how powerful a restart is at solving unexplainable problems. It really ought to be the go-to option at the start of any troubleshooting. 😊