I'd be frustrated, too. I worry that there might be something wrong with the SSD. Hopefully, this install will be successful.
Since it is installing Sierra (a byproduct of Internet Recovery), it won't convert the drive to APFS. If you Upgrade to High Sierra, it will convert the drive to APFS. Here is what OS gets installed from Internet Recovery: How to reinstall macOS - Apple Support
In your case, I think the failed install and erasing the disk completely caused it to boot into Internet Recovery and is installing Sierra (the shipping OS for that model).
APFS will create four Volumes on the drive. You saw three of them in your screen shot. The fourth is VM where the swap disk is maintained.
APFS creates "Containers" instead of Partitions. But, a Container can have multiple divisions called Volumes. All of those volumes share the space of the Container. When you create a Volume in a Container, you can set quotas for the maximum amount of space it can use. I don't know if Apple sets quotas on any of the other three partitions. It certainly could for PreBoot and Recovery.