Basically, the whole issue seems more than suspicious to me. I had the same problem with two new iPhone 15 Pro Max devices, neither of which were older than a month. That is, when trying to pay with Apple Pay, my Visa debit and credit cards were displayed, but the payment process was not completed. I first encountered this problem AFTER updating to iOS 17.0.3 (on the first iPhone 15 Pro Max) and then again after switching phones (on the second iPhone 15 Pro Max) WHEN updating from 17.1 to 17.1.1. The troubleshooting measures I took at that time included: restarting the phone, re-adding cards to the wallet, resetting network settings, and updating via iTunes. After a diagnosis at Apple, it turned out that the NFC sensor was not broken on either phone. PS: Just to be sure, my NFC sensor was also restarted once remotely by a apple supervisor.
Long story short: Apple Pay is working for me again now, but I must say that I am still on iOS 17.1.1 and have not performed any more updates because I am afraid that it will stop working again with the next update. Honestly, I'm not even sure what exactly solved the issue, perhaps it was also the tip to log out of iCloud, perform a forced reset, and then log back into iCloud. Maybe it was something else. In any case, it also cost me many hours.