I originally posted the problem on reddit, however just crickets over there. I didn't even know it was related to the Security Update until coming here. I thought it was just trying to install Mojave because I have that stupid "Update to MacOS Mojave" notification I can't get rid of.
It seems to be related to the Safari 12.0.1 Security Update. The App Store settings default was to install updates automatically, so it did the Update without my knowledge. From there, it's hitting an unknown road block during the install.
What I discovered when booting from the backup, in the Macintosh HD folder, it had a subfolder called "macOS Install Data". I think it's junk left behind causing the Mac to think it's still in install mode. It's just a presumption because when I trashed it, the Mac was able to restart normally.
After rebooting normally, I got a notification about the Security Update again. I tried installing it. Same thing happened, again. Same log file errors. Rebooted into backup and removed the Install Data folder. It is booting normally.
Definitely, stopped the auto updates on all my computers. I want to make sure I have a current backup before doing any software updates.